The Between Authority And Other Forms Of Power Essay

As its most basic level, power means â€Å"A has power over B to the extent that [A] can get B to do something B would not otherwise do.† (Hatch, 2013, p. 231). And at any level, whether individual, group, or organizational, power assumes a contextual relationship. Hatch (2013) discusses several forms of relational power: (1) formal authority, which emanates from a hierarchal structure by which the power flows downward from those with the greatest authority; (2) counter-balancing power, by which those below the most powerful may relationally exercise control using their personal characteristics, expertise, force, resource control, application of sanctions via rules and cultural assumptions and values, and accessing people with more power; (3) authoritative power based on a legitimized source that, in the members’ perceptions, has become accepted and expected, and thus institutionalized as part of the authority structure. (p.231). The difference between authority and other forms of power is that authority has fewer costs. With authority, nothing is expended or needs replacement to prevent power dilution. (Hatch, 2013, pp. 231-32). And, prevailing advice recommends ways to maximize power and use it effectively. Common strategies to maximize power include: creating dependency; coping with uncertainty; developing personal networks; and continuously developing expertise. Common strategies for using power include: controlling the information flow, agendas, and decision- makingShow MoreRelatedPower And Influence On Employees1533 Words   |  7 PagesIn its simplest definition, power is regarded as the ability to influence to behavior of other people using different tactics to push or prompt action. It is as well referred as the possession of authority and influence over others. Depending on how it is used, power can lead to either positive or negative outcomes. There are different sources of power that one can gai n power in different places such as country, organization or any other place that leadership is required. Additionally, there areRead MorePower, Authority And Power And The Views Of The State1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocracy, authority and power and the views of JS Mill and Plato, giving their thoughts, ideas and styles. The researcher will also apply these definitions of authority and democracy to both Mill’s and Plato’s theories of the state. Heywood tells us that authority is, in the broadest sense of the word, a form of power which can be thought of as ‘legitimate power’. He goes on to say how power, â€Å"is the ability to influence others† (Heywood, 2000). It is important to remember that authority and power areRead MoreBourdieu On Language And Symbolic Power976 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage and symbolic power. In the beginning Bourdieu talks about a concept he calls linguistic exchange, this refers to a transfer of language between two people, one who holds capital or assets and another who consumes the capital (knowledge) given by the speaker. For Bourdieu language is extremely symbolic and to go along with this symbolism are certain rules that people naturally understand and follow. It comes from the belief that language can be a form of power, those with power (capital) in a givenRead MoreIntroduction to Max Weber Essay595 Words   |  3 Pages Max Weber( Bureaucracy, power and control). Fredrick Taylor ( Scientific Management). Henri Fayol (Administration). Also it is essential to have an over all view of the three theories and a critical comparison to reflect on how much these theories have contributed to classical theory of business. Definition of management: (1)Management takes place within a structured organizational setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives throughRead MoreEssay Government1525 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Hobbes the need to create a form of government arises from fulfilling the need of security. In order for government to provide this security, it is necessary for government to be able to use its authority in any way it pleases. Locke and Mill on the other hand believe that government should be able to provide security for its citizens, but in order to do this government does not need to be large rather it should be limited. Thus, the question arises of how limited government should beRead MoreMax Weber Political Authority Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesVocation†, he states that political authority can be broken up into three different types. He defines these three types as Traditional authority, charismatic authority and rational-legal authority. Charismatic authority comes from a person’s special qualities and ability to hold followers because of them. Charismatic individuals may use their authority over a whole society or even just a specific group within a larger one. These individuals can use their authority for good and sometimes bad. SomeRead MoreChristianity And The World And Judaism1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe ability of influence that an authority has on a person or group of people displays their power. Power emanates from knowledge. The practices belonging to specific religions exhibit their own sense of authority. Christianity is a monotheistic religion that bases their faith on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion that bases their faith with the study of the Torah. Christianity is the largest practiced religion in the world and Judaism is the tenth largestRead MoreMax Weber And Hannah Arendt1602 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What distinguishes Weber’s accou nt of power from Arendt’s account of power?† The concept of power has been a topic of interest of many sociologists as they seek to define the term. Ensuring that the exercise of power is legitimate is a key integral to the concept of power in present day. However, although the power is seen as legitimate, it also has to be exercised appropriately as; ‘power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely’ (Dalberg-Acton, 1907: 504). Max Weber and HannahRead MoreDifference Between Federalism And Federalism1273 Words   |  6 Pagesby maintaining, by some means, law and order. In addition to that, one system of government is Federalism and Federalism is â€Å"A form of government in which some powers are assigned to the national government, some to lower levels of government, and some, such as the power to tax, are exercised concurrently† (Jillson 40). This system of government power is divided between a national government and a government that operates in small regions governments. However, in the U.S, both State and NationalRead MoreChristianity : The World And Judaism1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe ability to influence a person or group of people displays the power of the authority. Power emanates from knowledge. The practices belonging to specific religions exhibit their own sense of authority. Christianity is a monotheistic religion that bases their faith on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion that bases their faith with the study of the Torah. Christianity is the largest practiced religion in the world and Judaism is the tenth largest. In the

Ratio Analysis of Two-Year Financial Statements...

Title: Ratio analysis of 2-year financial statements: Woolworths Limited Assignment Topic Evaluate the performance of a company through critical analysis of its published financial statements over the two latest years, as follows: Locate, extract and analyse data from the published financial statements to provide a comprehensive analysis of a company’s operations and performance; Structure an argument about performance based on the analysis of five aspects of performance evaluation: Profitability Efficiency Short-term solvency Long-term solvency Market based ratios Present a clear, well-structured report using appropriate style and language. Word count: 2 337 (from the start of the Introduction to the end of the Conclusion)†¦show more content†¦Financial leverage ratios give an indication of a company’s fixed financing obligations and its ability to service the source of financing. Liquidity ratios are used to evaluate a firm’s ability to meet its shorter term debts, and efficiency ratios provide information on the ability of the firm to manage its assets, specifically receivables and inventory (Erdogan 2013). 1.1 Profitability Ratios As previously pointed out, profitability ratios provide information on the success of a firm in terms of profitability. Profitability on its own is a good indicator – the higher a firm’s profit, the better. However, in order to understand and manage profit, its relationship to sales, cost of sales and expenses must be understood. For example, if profit decreases noticeably – managers need to understand whether this drop is due to an equal drop in sales or whether it is due to an increase in cost of sales (gross profit) or possibly other expenses (net profit). Profitability ratios shed some light on these relationships. And just as with profit, the return (gain) on assets and shareholder’s equity may give an indication on a company’s performance. The net profit (NP) margin for Woolworths Limited is 3.3% (please refer to APPENDIX I for details on calculated margins and ratios) in 2012 and increases by 0.6% by 2013. As the gross profit margin (GP) increases by the same amount fromShow MoreRelatedWoolworths Financial Perfomance Case study1593 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿HSC Business Studies Financial Statement Analysis Task 1: Liquidity – The current Ratio = - Current ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 2013: Total current assets = 6226.1 Total current liabilities = 6866 Total current assets / Total current liabilities = 6226.1/6866 = 0.9068016312 = 0.9 (1dp) 2012: Total current assets = 5802.1 Total current Liabilities = 6766.2 Total current assets / Total current liabilities = 5802.1 / 6766.2 = 0.8575123408 = 0.86 (2dp) Read MoreFinancial Statement Analysis : Financial Analysis759 Words   |  4 PagesWoolworth Financial Analysis Financial statement analysis assists a business entity, business shareholders and other people interested, to analyze the figures in financial statements to present them with superior information about such most important factors for decision making and ultimate business survival. As exemplified by Gibson (2001), income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statements project the financial performance a company at the present and probably the future. According to theRead MoreEssay on Financial Analysis of Woolworths Ltd3168 Words   |  13 PagesFinancial Analysis of Woolworths Limited 10 October 2011 By: Huatong (Claire) Liu To: Potential investors Executive Summary The primary purpose of this report is to determine whether Woolworths Limited is an appropriate and profitable company to invest in. Specific objectives include analysis of annual reports of Woolworths and its competitors (Wesfarmers) as well as interpretation of relevant government and industry statistics, stock exchange, market information and media commentsRead More205321153 Woolworths PAST JOB 1 Essay6928 Words   |  28 PagesAND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Group Assignment OCTOBER SESSION Report to: PROFESSOR ZOLTAN MATOLSCY Case Study: Woolworths Prepared by: Student Name Student Identification Brent HENLEY 10388039 Peter HOWE 02130033 Christian ORITZ 03005802 Zhiming YE 10669428 ASSIGNMENT DUE 21 October 2009 Table of Contents Woolworths Limited: Case Study 3 Executive Summary 3 Restating Financial Statements 3 Industry and Business Strategy Analysis 4 1. Industry Analysis 4 2. Business Strategy Analysis 5 AccountingRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Woolworths And Woolworths2987 Words   |  12 Pagessector is dominated by Coles and Woolworths (owned by Wesfarmers Group and Woolworths Limited respectively), following a string of acquisitions and expansions by the ‘big two’ parent companies over the past twenty years. Woolworths currently owns 840 supermarkets in Australia as of 2011 (Woolworths Limited, 2011: 86), up 17 from 823 in 2010 (ibid) while Coles owns 741 (Wesfarmers Limited, 2011: 20), down 1 from 742 in 2010 (Wesfarmers Limited, 2010: 20). Woolworths is an Australian based trade groupRead MoreWesfarmers : Financial Analysis Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesWesfarmers : Financial Analysis Wesfarmers main focus is very simple but an effective objective of providing a satisfactory return to its shareholders. The beauty of this objective is that it is measurable, and they seek to achieve a return on equity, which ranks Wesfarmers in the top 20 percent of Australia’s listed companies and able to manage the portfolio of businesses which make up the group with strong financial focus (Australian Securities Exchange,2008). The ongoing success of WesfarmersRead MoreMid Sem Paper4114 Words   |  17 PagesSURNAME OF CANDIDATE: FIRST NAME OF CANDIDATE: STUDENT ID: SIGNATURE: Official Use Only Q 1 2 SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING Mark 3 4 5 6 Total (/75) ACCT 1511: Accounting and Financial Management 1B FINAL EXAMINATION November 2007 Time Allowed: Reading Time: Total Number of Questions: Answer ALL questions. The questions are NOT of equal value. †¢ Answers to Questions 1 to 6 must be written in ink on the lines or in spaces provided in this Booklet. †¢ Question 7 must be answered on the separateRead MoreThe Impact Of Announcement And Stock Market Performance2382 Words   |  10 PagesCONTENTS Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 OBJECTIVE 3 OVERVIEW OF COMPANY AND INDUSTRY 4 Metcash 4 WESFARMERS 5 WOOLWORTHS 6 ANNOUNCEMENT 7 IMPACT OF ANNOUNCEMENT AND STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS 8 RESIDUALS AND REASON BEHINED CALCULATING IT 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Project Includes the Reports of the Three Companies That Are Metcash and its Competitors That Are Woolworths And Wesfarmers. The Current Report Provides An Examination Of The Effect Of Accounting Information On The ShareRead MoreCorporate Finance4881 Words   |  20 PagesTable of Content Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Overview of Harvey Norman Holding Limited 4 1.2 Major Competitor 5 1.2.1 JB Hi-Fi 5 1.2.2 Woolworth 5 2. Capital Structures 6 2.1 Types of Funding 6 2.2 Recent Trends of Leverage 7 2.3 Comparison of capital structure with similar companies 9 2.4 Capital expenditures and its financing 10 2.5 Important factors influencing the use of debt financing 10 2.5.1 Tax Advantage 10 2.5.2 CorporateRead MoreMetal, Mining and the Consumer Industry: A Top -Down Valuation Process4100 Words   |  17 Pagesanalyses BHP Billiton Limited and Woolworths Limited. Variables affecting the Australian economy are inflation and interest rates; the gross domestic product; the exchange rate; and economic risks. The metal and mining industry is the largest sector in Australia and the consumer industry is the third largest sector. The present value of the dividend model and the present value of the operating free cash flow were used to evaluate BHP Billiton Limited and Woolworths Limited. Based on the dividend

Barriers to Communication in the Health Sector Free Essays

Barriers to communications in health and social care Communication is simply being able to pass a message and that message being understood by the person it was meant for and well understood and carried out without any problem. When this circle is interrupted either message is lost or not understood then we need to understand why. Barriers in the health sector comes in either: PHYSICAL is when a person can not access the care they want or need because of a physical problem like a walking difficulty or a wheelchair access * EMMOTIONAL:The barriers in the care sector are emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers to Communication in the Health Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now If not have dealt with certain feelings before by the feeler. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Emotions can play a big part in barriers. It is important that workers within the health and social care field do not let their own emotions get the better of them.They must be professional and although friendships can be made it is important not too get attached to a service user or patient. † †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢In the health and social care setting many people may have problems and many things may be hard to deal with but workers must maintain professionals and not show a lot of emotion, yes we can empathise but we should not make a service user feel worse or more upset. * LANGUAGE :If a patient calls at his Gp and he cant speak English and no one can understand what he/she is saying then it might lead to time waste in treating that patient in terms of diagnosing patient ailment which could be deadly in terms of wrong diagnoses or time wasted in getting an interpreter. How to cite Barriers to Communication in the Health Sector, Papers

A Just Moral Code free essay sample

How far will people go to uphold their moral standards? In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch’s character is tested when he is assigned to serve as the defense attorney for a black man. This is considered nearly a grave sin by his fellow Southern peers. Atticus Finch risks his reputation, career, friendships, and even his own life because he has a strong moral sense uncommon to the Caucasian-dominate state of Alabama at the time. It is clear that Atticus risks his reputation by defending Tom. He loses respect from his closest friends and family members. For instance, Aunt Alexandra believes that Atticus’ deeds reflect negatively on the family image. Jem and Scout can hardly walk a block without hearing harsh remarks about their father. There is no margin of doubt that Atticus’ reputation is definitely put in danger. Atticus’ career is most certainly put on the line as well. We will write a custom essay sample on A Just Moral Code or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are probably few people in Maycomb County that would gladly hire Atticus Finch after he defended an African-American man. As sickening as it may sound, the average southern man would rather any other lawyer in the state represent them before Atticus Finch. Alabama was undoubtedly a racist state, and Atticus could have potentially lost a lot of business after the case. This evidence truly proves that Atticus risks his career as an attorney. Friendships were dissolved as a result of Atticus defending Tom. There were several instances where Atticus lost life-long friends. One example was how Mr. Cunningham almost ended Atticus’ life while attempting to reach Tom Robinson at the jail. Atticus did legal work for Mr. Cunningham, and even allowed him to pay Atticus with food rather than money. Atticus was good to Mr. Cunningham, and in return he lost a friendship. It does not take a genius to conclude that Atticus desires to defend Tom. Although he was assigned as the defense attorney, Atticus still wants to do the job. Atticus even says to his own children that he could not tell them what to do if he did not take this case. He means that if he does not live a just way of life himself, then it would be hypocritical to establish a moral code into his children. This serves as evidence that it is in Atticus’ interest to be Tom’s lawyer. Atticus is willing to lay down his life for this case. History shows that death was certainly a factor for white men who supported black men in the South. The Ku Klux Klan was an active organization during the time. Atticus was obviously knowledgeable of these circumstances and he went forth and did the right thing. This really shows a lot about Atticus’ character and shows that Atticus knows that death could be a possible outcome as a result for representing Tom. Atticus believes that all men are created equal. He makes the decision to defend Tom because of this fact. His decision should not surprise his audience because they know who Atticus is. They know how much he cares about his town, family, and country. There should not be any wonder why Atticus would risk everything for this case. It is obvious that Atticus did not identify people by their skin color, but by their character. Overall, one can conclude that Atticus’ heart is fully devoted to this case. He risks it all because he needs to maintain his just way of life. It is necessary to Atticus’ well being that he does this case. Atticus Finch risked his life to stay lawful to his moral code. His character was tested, and he aced that test. He did the right thing, and in the process risked his reputation, friendships, career and even his life.

Sample Resume - High School - Work Experience Essays - Economy

Sample Resume - High School - Work Experience Massah Sheriff 24 Gomana Street Slack Creek, OLD 4127 cell: 0412853256 email: [emailprotected] Objective: To obtain a part time position as a replenishment team member at Woolworths Sunnybank Hills. Experience One Stop Pizza and Kebabs Stock Rotation Cash Register Cash Handling Cleaning, Store Set Up Store Closing Procedures Customer Service KFC Position: Customer service team member Stock rotation Unpacking stock Cash register, cash handling on drive thru and front counter Cleaning, Store Set Up Store Closing Procedures Achievements Certificate ll Health Services 2015 Certificate lll Health Services 2016-11-28 CPR for life in schools Certificate for Participation 2016 Interests/ Activities Learning about other cultures Fashion Learning Other cultures Reference Chole Martin KFC Manger M: 0428933899 Email: [emailprotected] Tammy Vonhill KFC Manger M: 0407674530

Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay Example

Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay Example Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay VOLUME 4 NUMBER 6 1994 CELEBRATE ANDRECORD Malaysia Airlines Corporate Vision and Service Quality Strategy Abdullah Mat Zaid Malaysia Airlines vision is to become An Airline of Excellence, offering the very best to its passengers in terms of safety, comfort, service and punctuality. This vision was amplified by our chairman in the companys 20th anniversary commemorations in October 1992. The mission has been stated in three main thrusts as follows: (1) To make Malaysia Airlines one of the leading standard bearers for the airline industry in terms of safety, efficiency and quality of service. ) To develop Kuala Lumpur as the preferred gateway into Malaysia and the South-East Asia region. (3) To make Kuala Lumpur a major cargo transhipment area for the Asia-Pacific rim. Among the key initiatives taken to meet our mission for the future are a fleet modernization and network expansion programme, an upgrading of our in-house maintenance and engineering facilities, development of modern in frastructure and computer systems and training and developing of personnel to meet the needs of the future. In addition, top management has refocused its goal on creating a customer-driven and quality-oriented ulture in the launching of the company-wide Destination Service Excellence (DSE) programme in July 1991. (The DSE programme is an extension of Total Quality Management to provide a clear focus on customer requirements at the heart of Duslness processes In Malaysia Alrllnes ana to create a quality service culture through internal communications and human relations management practices which can firmly reflect the importance the company places on good customer service. At the second DSE Convention held by Malaysia Airlines in October last year, which carried the theme Enhancing World Class Quality hrough Competitiveness, our chairman Tan Sri Zain Azraai inspired the employees by reiterating top managements commitment to the vision for Malaysia Airlines to become An Airline of Excellence. Tan Sri Zain stressed that in any organization there are four areas within that paradigm of Total Quality which emphasize continuous improvement which need to be addressed: (1) The individual in an organization: it has been said that the key to creating a Total Quality organization is first to create a Total Quality person who uses a true-north compass that is objective. This compass is used to find and ocus on the organizations future direction. 2) Managerial effectiveness: which is basically to nurture a win-win partnership between the individual and the organization, and between the organization and its customers. (3) Organizational productivity: for which quality should be seen to start from the top. The leadership of the organization must be intimately involved to see that the quality paradigm is planted into the minds and hearts of all staff. (4) The non-human side of the organization: in terms of equipment, facilities, processes and systems; these also contribute to the custom ers impression about the type of uality to expect of the company. In the concluding part of his address, Tan Sri Zain said that the DSE programme is a philosophy, a paradigm of continuous improvement which is not the programme of the company but the philosophy and value of everyone in the company. He summed up: It has been said that Quality will give an lnOlvlOual or organlzatlon a long-term competltlve advantage. And if it is in the character of the individual and in the culture of the organization, it cannot be duplicated by anyone. Our managing director, Dato Kamaruddin Ahmad also offered some pertinent directions to he participants at the convention with his statement of the challenges facing the company and the service quality strategy which has been developed. The Malaysia Airlines service quality strategy which he articulated is briefly as follows. The first step Malaysia Airlines took in developing a service strategy was the embarkation Managing Service Quality, Vol. 4 No. , 1994, pp. 11-15 MCB university press, 0960-4529 11 MANAGING SERVIC E QUALITY on a company-wide thrust towards service excellence, when the DSE programme took off in July 1991 to position the airline as An Airline of Excellence in the Asia-Pacific region. This strategy has lately been reinforced by a comprehensive review of the companys business processes so as to align the people and systems components of the business process with the customer-driven strategy. The service quality strategy addresses two main thrusts. (1) To reinforce the Total Quality philosophy in the Malaysia Airlines service culture through the springboard of TQM. The philosophy embraces the concept of quality in everything we do, including decision-making, work processes, work environment, teamwork and so on. (2) To improve customers perceived quality of Malaysia Airlines. This covers both the technical and functional aspects of our service offerings. tlquette ana nanollng customer complalnts Employees have also passed through the Quality Improvement Team (QIT) training programmes under the DSE project, and employees have taken the initiative to form cross-functional action teams to identify specific problems in quality or service in their working environment and to propose solutions to management. These action teams help to promote a quality culture in the company by inculcating cross-functional improvement processes which make quality customer service an ngoing agenda in the company. We believe that the more that service quality is discussed within the company, the greater the understanding will be of what it means in the dayto-day working environment of the employees and the better the company will be in achieving it. We are still a long way from saying that the DSE quality customer service approach has been completely integrated into the company, but what we are clearly seeing is a significant transformation of the corporate culture that is becoming more customer driven and quality oriented. Reinforcing the Corporate Culture to Foster Change Communicating Externally with Customers While setting the right corporate culture is crucial to achieving good service quality through internal communication processes to motivate employees and to ensure that the companys aspirations are well understood by everyone, we have also to communicate externally to ensure that customers understand what the company is offering in terms of service, to manage their expectations and to persuade them to buy our service. This external communication process forms an important part of managing the evidence by providing tangible clues to help customers, as well as employees, form the ight mental picture of the intangible service offered by Malaysia Airlines. An example is in advertisements which feature employees to show to customers the importance of service through people, but advertising is only one of the ways in which external communications can help to Improve tne customers perception 0T quall Conscious efforts are being made to reinforce the customer-driven focus and quality-orientation conveyed in top managements vision for excellence to all employees. The DSE programme forms the main vehicle for company-wide definition and understanding of the shared values hrough top-down communication as exemplified in the management speeches at DSE conventions, as well as bottom-up communication of departmental missions and quality improvement projects to the DSE Council chaired by the managing director from time to time. Values are also shared through other internal communications processes such as the in-house newsletter (Berita MAS), by way of reports on the progress of service initiatives and to publicize the achievements of employees who have provided excellent service to customers. The in-house newsletter also features a column called From the MDs Desk which serves as a regular reminder to all employees on examples regarding the right way to satisfy customers and to provide top-quality service. External speakers have also been invited from top-quality organizations such as IBM and Shell to share their experiences on service quality with our employees at Saturday Encounters held from time to time. To help employees understand better what is expected of them in terms of serving customers, training programmes have been conducted for employees at all levels to educate them on what quality customer service is at Malaysia Airlines nd on basic service standards such as telephone Malaysia Airlines Advertisements The advertising medium plays a major role in Malaysia Airlines communication strategy but other media are also used such as press releases, the in-flight magazine Wings of Gold, familiarization tours of Malaysia Airlines facilities for travel agents, Journalists and the general public, and so on. Malaysla Alrllnes launcnea two major advertising campaigns in October last year for both the domestic and international markets. 12 enhance the recall value of the commercial as well as to create an airline advertisement that is clearly ifferentiated from others. The 9()-second commercial has received overwhelming praise from both industry sources as well as the public at large since it was launched last September. It is said to be the most ambitious television commercial ever undertaken by an advertiser in Asia, using state-ofthe-art visual effects developed by a company owned by George Lucas and Lucas Film Ltd, which won 12 Oscar awards for block-buster films such as Star Wars and ET and is also responsible for the box-office success Jurassic Park. The Care commercial was aimed at the local Malaysian market reinforcing a promise Malaysia Airlines has always nurtured since the company was incepted in 1971. The Care positioning theme promised the level of caring that goes into every aspect of handling the diverse needs and expectations of our passengers. A woman is seen anguishing over her pet budgerigars that are being carted into cargo, a pregnant woman needs help with her luggage, an old woman is rather bewildered and a child is separated from her parents in the mad rush to catch the flight. As usual, with ease and sincerity, the calm and caring staff from Malaysia Airlines sort and iron out all the problems captured at the moments of truth. Staff involvement is crucial towards underlining the credibility of the advertising message which is why, for the first time, more than 60 staff participated in the first of the series titled Care. In addition to the Care commercial, three other commercials have been developed on the themes of Reunion, Mulu and Special Fares. The Reunion commercial shares happy moments 0T Tamlly reunions among Malayslans. q The Mulu commercial demonstrates the extensive network served by Malaysia Airlines domestically. q The Special Fares features some 40 different choices available for Malaysians to fly around he country on economical value-added fares. The underlying promise conveyed in these commercials is to show that Malaysia Airlines cares, and that the new advertisements are not cosmetic, in line with the companys Destination Service Excellen ce strategy. The main thrust of the international advertising campaign titled Vision was to project the size and stature of Malaysia Airlines in a futuristic sense which reflects a modern, global and futuristic mental picture of the airline in the minds of the target consumers. The futuristic strataport is in the aerodynamic shape of Malaysia Airlines kite logo to symbolize he modernity and expansion of the airline and this vision is used as the springboard to convey a thousand dream flights. The Nision commercial also conveys the message that Malaysia Airlines has made great leaps forward from its previous stature as a relatively young airline, in that it now carries more passengers than any other airline from South-East Asia on some of todays most advanced aircraft, and spans a truly international network of 90 destinations across five continents. Also, to reflect the Malaysian character of the Vision commercial, a large number of Malaysia Airlines in-flight crew and Malaysian actors were nvolved in the lead roles for the advertisement. The computer-generated visual presentation of Malaysia Airlines as a futuristic airline helps to New Uniforms for Front-line Employees By managing the tangibles associated with the service experience, marketers have the opportunity to reinforce other service quality dimensions with a quality look not necessarily by looking expensive or elegant but by paying attention to basics such as cleanliness, orderliness and customer-friendly systems to the extent that such tangible evidence is approprlate to tne target market ana overall service strategy. This means attention to the smallest detail that competitors might consider trivial and unworthy of investment. Yet, it is the visible details that can add up for customers and signal a strong message of caring and competence. Malaysia Airlines experience in presenting a quality look as a component of its service quality strategy extends through many areas in the physical environment of the airline, including the decor of its front-office ticketing counters, its Golden Lounges at the airports, the cabin interior of its aircraft, the uniforms of its cabin crew and other frontline staff, he presentation of in-flight meals, the appearance of our check-in counters, and so on. Besides modernizing the aircraft fleet with the latest new generation 8747-400, A330 and 8737400/500 aircraft, Malaysia Airlines has implemented a new quality appearance for all frontliners since last year by introducing a collection of new uniforms for cabin crew and counter staff designed by Gherardini of Italy. While the timeless sarung kebaya with batik motifs has been retained for female staff, uniforms for the male staff have for the first time in 17 years seen a visible change to a style that is more in vogue. Quality Meals In the many other little things that we do that present a quality look to our passengers, I can draw from the example of the award Malaysia Airlines received from Inflight Research Services of London last year ranking Malaysia Airlines top in First Class service from a survey of 31 international airlines. 13 Malaysia Airlines scored highest in three service dimensions of cabin crew courtesy, meal presentation and quality of meals served. In the area of meal presentation, Malaysia Airlines excelled mainly because of the great attention given to the Tlner eta a 11S 0T tne meal presentatlon, e. . : Presentation of the bar service, with a good selection of internationally known liqueurs, wines and champagnes served by experienced and capable cabin staff. q Branded quality glasses, plates, bowls and cutlery which carried a good and consistent corporate image, presenting a pleasing and exclusive feel to the First-class cabin. In particular, Malaysia Airlines uses cut glass fo r its First-class drink service, and it was revealed that less than 25 per cent of the airlines surveyed offer this extra touch of exclusivity. Presentation of salt, pepper and butter is of a very good standard and appearance unlike everal airlines which make use of plastic cartons for butter and paper sachets for salt and pepper. In the case of the quality of meals served, this pertained mainly to the condition and appearance of the food at the point of service rather than the type of food served on board. Malaysia Airlines was ranked top on quality of meals served in terms of the meals being served in the best condition, that is the food served was fresh and appealing and retained a good flavour and appearance. Kuala Lumpur and London since last October. This is basically a standard tray set-up service which is vailable to those passengers who do not wish to go through the standard full-course supper service for First Class, which is otherwise delivered on a service trolley. The quick meal option is timed especially for flights departing around midnight to cater to those passengers who wish to have a quick supper and go to sleep. This meal service alternative was introduced based on feedback obtained from Malaysia Airlines Esteemed Travellers (MET) who attend special MET luncheons and food-tasting sessions organized by the airline. In view of the favourable response from passengers, this quick meal option was extended to ther flights in our menu change for the summer 1994 season. Prompt Meal servlce Tor en u Class Passengers We have also made improvements to service procedures for those passengers travelling in Golden Club Class. This has resulted in a reduction of the service delivery time by more than 25 per cent to about 1. 5 hours, without affecting the quality of service. Beverage Service on Cart for Economy Class Passengers This is another improvement we have made for the Economy Class passengers which was implemented in the summer 1994 season. Previously, our cabin crew offered Juice and beer s standard choices for after-take-off beverages in the Economy Class while passenger requests for other drinks were entertained separately. The new service for beverages to be delivered on the cart will offer passengers the drink of their choice on the cart without their having to wait for a separate Flexible Menu Policy Continuous improvements are being made to the in-flight menu, in keeping with the new menu policy (started last year) to increase the cycle of change to meet the changing needs and expectations of customers, based on feedback from voyage reports and passengers. This new policy reates better flexibility in customizing to the different tastes and preferences of the passengers by offering a greater variety of meal combinations, a more extensive range of appetizers, and creative food preparations with the aim of being on par with the cuisine served in excellent hotels. The new menus for international flights feature a variety of tastes and flavours of Malay, Chinese, Caribbean and Mediterranean cuisines. The health aspect of travellers has also not been ignored, due attention being given to low-fat content, calorie count and cholesterol levels in the menu preparation. Cabin Crew Proficiency in Foreign

Peter pan and mary poppins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peter pan and mary poppins - Essay Example They both also allow a chance for adults and children alike to be children again, and go back to that time when nothing mattered except having fun. However, the two stories also have their subtle differences as well. It is true both of them contain high amounts of fantasy and neither of them are set in the real world, and both of them take place to some extent in London, however there are several different running themes that could come into conflict with each other if one was to compare and contrast the two stories. Peter Pan, also known as the Boy Who Never Grew Up originally started as a play back in the early nineteen hundreds. It was then adapted into a book under the title of Peter Pan and Wendy. The story follows the fantasy tale of Peter Pan, a boy who never grew up who lives in never land with the Lost Boys. He is assisted in his mischievous ways by his trusty fairy Tinker bell. The fantasy elements in Peter Pan help keep the story light and full of imagination, which is why it is often filed as a children's tales; and to some degree it is. But beneath the surface is a message that is just as important, if not more important for everyone to understand. Hidden behind the pirates and flying fairies is the message of love and staying true to yourself and true to your youth, and that is a message that every person, child and adult, can listen to and take advice from. This wanting to never ... This seems to be a somewhat subtle way of the author saying that you can shirk growing up as long as you want to, but you also have to be able to accept the responsibilities that come with not growing up. The characters of Peter Pan and Wendy also form literary foils of each other within the work of the novels. Where Peter represents the light heartiness and joys of child hood, Wendy seems to take on a more motherly role, as she has felt the pain and suffering that Peter ignores and doesn't let get to him. These two characters almost play off each other, as Peter and Wendy begin to learn a little more about each other, as well as a little more about how each other looks at life. And while all of this is going on, the evil Captain Hook represents the worrying adult, the darker side of growing up, and the constant fear of time and the next step. Romantic themes also run rampant in the story, with the hormones of Peter struggling with the different female archetypes represented in the story by Wendy, Tinkerbelle, and Tiger Lily. Most of these elements have been severely played down or removed in the later adaptations of this work, however they are clearly and strongly present in the original version of the tale. This subtle tale of love also parallels the feelings of growing up, and how Peter is reluctant to settle down with any of the women in his life and instead ops for the looseness he gets by being Never lands most eligible bachelor. Another subtle theme is often thought to be only done to limit the size of the cast, but the characters of Wendy's father and Captain Hook are often played by the same man. While this may hold little value in the book version of the tale, the subtle connections between these two character's effects on the plot and

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 109

Case Study Example Ritz Cal-ton maintained its status in luxury services by introducing the loyalty program that induced customers. The redemption of point obtained from such program attracted more customers than available services and the experience. Ritz-Cal-ton further introduced the frequent guest stay program to stay ahead of competitors. This they did to satisfy the need of their customer and even attract more. The program also fitted the business and it could offer excellent programs through their branches in various continents. They went further by offering airline flights, and a broad selection of unique flight experiences. Competitors did not offer these services at that time that made Ritz Cal-ton to stay above them. In addition, the partnership of Ritz-Cal-ton reward program and Marriott’s reward points being accepted in Ritz-Cal-ton properties and equally accepted in Marriot hotels. Looking at the past and comparing to present, most of previous luxuries have become necessities in luxury brands. Luxury brands should find a way of providing their customers with what they consider as most unattainable now to stay above competitors. Luxury brands like Ritz-Carl-ton should work on improving experience of their customers every time (Jonas and Coste-Manière, 6). Coussement, Martha A., Tanyatanaboon, Maneenuch., Li, Zhouyang., Shportko, Anastasia, and Miao, Li "A Strategy of Duality: New choreography for the Marriott/Ritz-Carlton dance." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Cases 3.2 (n.d.): Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 6 Case Study Example The other risk faced by contractors in the construction sector is the challenge of identified an efficient subcontractor to help in the completion of the project and who can deliver on time. Most construction projects have a time line and the services of subcontractors important in completing the project on time. However, poor planning can result in a delay to complete the project and this also result in additional costs for the contractor in case the contract signed a fixed price contract. In a fixed price contract, the risk remains with the contractor and as a result, the project manager and the team working in the construction project need to conduct an extensive risk assessment to ensure that risks during the progress of the project are minimal. This is because in such a contract, unforeseen risks related to a project often remain on the side of the contractor (Adams, 2008). This paper examines the failures in the construction of Wembley stadium and how and an effective risk mana gement process can be used to avoid such failures. Wembley stadium is in England and mostly used for football matches and was first constructed in 1923. However, as a result of its dilapidated nature, the government decided to rebuild the stadium to replace the original one. As a result of poor planning, the project took longer to complete than previously expected. In addition, the cost for completing the project also increased compared to the initial estimates. The design of the stadium proposed by the winning bidder involved using steel arch, which added an aesthetic value to the stadium in addition to being a load bearer. This means that the structure did not need many internal support considered to obstruct the stadium’s view. The arch was also believed to improve the seating quality within the stadium. However, this design had

Health Promotion throughout the Human Lifespan Essay

Health Promotion throughout the Human Lifespan - Essay Example Despite this claims, Canadians have time and again misused alcohol, thus leading to health risks. This paper will examine strategies of promoting health throughout the lifespan of alcohol abusers. Alcohol Related Health Problems Abuse of alcohol result major health risks such cancer among other societal problems such as drunken driver accidents, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, criminal activities, and even family problems. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder describes a wide range of health concerns that come because of prenatal abuse and misuse of alcohol. Disabilities resulting from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder include alcohol related Neurodevelopment Disorder. Health problems such as cancer have come up as a result of alcohol consumptions. Consumption of alcohol in risky amounts has been proved to increase risks for individuals developing cancers such as those of the, liver, gastrointestinal tract, breast, pharynx, mouth, larynx, and the esophagus. However, alcohol consumption in moderate amounts is proved to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Alcohol consumers, who take meals alongside alcohol, have a lower risk of developing cancer of the throat, mouth and the digestive system. ... Generally, adolescents and young adults are the most vulnerable to misuse of alcohol and heavy drinking. Many accidents caused by adolescent and young adult drunken drivers have been a major cause of deaths in many countries (Galanter, American Medical Society on Alcoholism, Research Society on Alcoholism (U.S.) and National Council on Alcoholism, 2005, P.2). In addition, alcohol consumption is said to cause impairment, thus making drivers more prone to accidents and injuries that come out to be severe in most cases. Accident risk potential as a result of impairment caused by alcohol varies between women and men. In addition to accidents, misuse of alcohol also causes high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system, osteoporosis, obesity, and even neurological disorders. Risks of high blood pressure are substantially increased by more and more consumption of alcohol. Moreover, heavy consumption of alcohol weakens the immune system and thus individuals have a higher potential of b eing infected, falling sick, and recovering from illness slowly. Studies claim that alcohol is a major health issue when misused, as it results in individual health problems, societal issues, cognitive and physical impairment. Alcohol Neurological disorders resulting from alcohol consumption include dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, which results in memory loss, and cognitive impairment. In most cases, alcohol affects physical performance of an individual, as it adversely inhibits span of attention, coordination of activities, and the time with which an individual reacts to stimulus. Alcohol also causes poor judgment, and in many circumstances, results in destruction of social relationships and communicative behavior

Look At Transmission Control Protocol Information Technology Essay

Look At Transmission Control Protocol Information Technology Essay Transmission Control Protocol is one most reliable ,connection oriented communication protocol used in the internet traffic .The main aim of this section is to conduct a research on TCP friendly protocols and find a suitable answer to the questions like the features of TCP that are not suitable for real-time multimedia application, TCP friendly congestion control for non-TCP application etc. I. Features of TCP not suitable for real time multimedia application. The uses of multimedia applications are increasing day to day in the internet traffic. In recent future it is sure that the real-time multimedia applications increase rapidly and make up a considerable portion of the total internet bandwidth. TCP is full duplex, connection oriented communication protocol that is used for transmitting data that mainly focuses on the accuracy of data. But some features of TCP are not suitable for real time multimedia application which includes the following. Reliability through Retransmission Since TCP is a reliable protocol it uses error control mechanisms like retransmission when an error occurs. Retransmission delay is one of the most important problems in multimedia application for TCP oriented connection. This retransmission is useful in traditional application such as http, FTP, telnet etc which require the loss free data transfer between the communicating media. In the case of multimedia application there is an massive emission of data into the network especially in the case of video. This will cause network congestion, since TCP is a reliable protocol it will reduce the window size and data emission rate to get out of this congestion. The retransmission causes end-to-end latency which is not suitable for real time multimedia applications where the receiver needs the data at the same time when the sender sends it. Congestion control In TCP, the available bandwidth can be monitored by using congestion algorithm which uses the transmission rate for the manipulation results in some deliberate waste. In the cases where there is no congestion, TCP congestion control fairly shares the available bandwidth. Over shorter time scales, the TCP instantaneous rate just looks like a saw- tooth. The cycles are between periods of additive increase separated by multiplicative decrease (AIMD). This rate fluctuation is not suitable for multimedia streaming application because it affects their smooth functioning. Socket based application programming interface The sockets based application programming interface does not support multihoming (a technique to improve the reliability of internet connection of an IP network). This result in an application can use only a single IP address to a particular TCP connection with another host. In an occasion where the interface associated with that IP address goes down which result in the connection loss and reestablishment. This is not suitable or multimedia applications like VoIP. TCP does not support multicasting In most of the multimedia communication like audio and video conferencing, the network traffic will be high and large amount of data flow across the network. In such situations data are transmitted by using multicasting techniques between the sender and the receivers. But TCP does not support multicasting TCP does not support time stamping. The major problem faced in real time multimedia applications like video and audio conferencing is the jitter. The major solution for the problem associated with jitter is the use of time stamps. The timestamp at each packet shows the time at which each packet is produced when compared with the previous one. So that the receiver knows when each packet is to be played. But unfortunately TCP does not provide support for time stamping. TCP is connection oriented The TCP is connection-oriented protocol. In this first a connection is established between the source and the destination before data transfer. The main disadvantage of this connection oriented protocol in real time communication like VoIP is the consumption of resources spent setting up the call. This connection oriented feature made a little overhead during connection establishment because it is time taken during certain occasions. Time overhead is not suitable for real time multimedia applications. Do not require full duplex transmission In TCP, the processes that reside in the internet establish a reliable serial communication path and exchanges full duplex stream of bytes. The processes within the communication are identified by the IP addresses. The full duplex connection is not compulsory for most of the multimedia application. The best example is TV broadcast over LAN; in most situations it uses simplex continuous media connection. Acknowledgement In TCP, there is the need of acknowledgement during the transmission of each packet. The positive acknowledgement causes overhead because all packets are sent with a fixed rate. This is not suitable for multimedia. II) UDP is TCP Unfriendly protocol In order to discuss about this topic we need to describe the basic functions of the TCP and UDP. In order to clearly define about the TCP, UDP unfriendliness we need to understand the basic concepts in detail. With the increased use of real time applications internet users looking for more reliable protocol that provide more faster medium for audio and video. Since TCP is a reliable protocol it has the capacity to reduce the amount of data loss, noise and out of sequence data. TCP uses connection based communication between the communicating hosts. This connection based feature of TCP helps in the guaranteed delivery of the packets. It has flow control and congestion control. In the case of UDP, it is unreliable. There is no guarantee for packet delivery and for the sequence. In this protocol there is no connection establishment before the communication starts and it sends the data according to its availability. In real-time communication (for audio or video), both the communicating ends look for speed rather than accuracy. The connection less feature of UDP, that sends the data when they are available and not try to resend once there is an error or packet loss made UDP much faster than TCP. This increased speed made more popularity for UDP in streaming media over internet. When compared to TCP the UDP has a main drawback, since UDP continuously sending packets through the network without considering there is congestion on the network. It does not take any measures to reduce the congestion in the case where congestion occurs. But TCP make use of the congestion control mechanisms like reduce the transmission rate. Since UDP does not make use of any congestion control algorithms when congestion occurs this tend to take the utilisation of the available bandwidth over the internet. For this reason UDP is known as a TCP unfriendly protocol. According to the opinion of Ross (2005, p.198) in his book Computer Networking specifies that UDP is the most commonly used protocol for multimedia application such as Internet phone, real-time video conferencing and streamed of audio and video. So in order to overcome these problems of congestion controls with UDP and improves the band width utilisation and also a fair towards competing TCP connection result in the devel opment of new technology called TCP friendly technique. With the increased popularity of the streaming media the UDP traffic becomes a problem for the internet as a whole. III) TCP Friendly congestion control protocols The popularity and development of internet leads to the extensive use of real-time multimedia applications like video conferencing, chatting etc. All these applications make use of non congestion controlled protocols like UDP for transmitting continuous video, audio through the network. This type of non congestion controlled traffic is called unresponsive flows. The major feature of the unresponsive flow is that they do not reduce their load on the network when there is a packet loss. They continuously transmit the data through the network at the rate with which is encoded without bothering about the network congestion. This type of UDP traffic causes traffic congestion in the network as well as it produce an extreme unfairness towards the network. In order to solve these problems, we need to improve the UDP for proper bandwidth utilisation, reducing loss ratio and also produce a fair towards the competing TCP connection and this is called as TCP Friendly. In this section we are disc ussing about the congestion control mechanisms used by TCP friendly protocols like TFRC and TFMC. TFRC (TCP-Friendly Rate Control) TFRC is mainly defined as a congestion control mechanism for unicast flows in the Internet. TFRC is evolved from TFRCP protocol and it is mainly used for unicast communication but sometimes it is used for multicast communication with some modifications. The lower variation of throughput over time makes this much more suitable for telephony or streaming media and which has a smooth sending rate. TFRC uses equation based congestion control for unicast traffic. In this mechanism it explicitly adjust its sending rate as a function of the measured rate of loss events where the loss events contain one or more packet dropped within a RTT. As it follows the equation based congestion control, TFRC directly make use of the TCP throughput equation which makes it possible to compete fairly with TCP. The following is the throughput equation used in the TFRC for congestion control: In this equation X is the transmit rate in bytes/second. S is the packet size in bytes. R is the round trip time in seconds. B is the no of packets acknowledged by a single TCP acknowledgement. t_RTO is TCP transmission timeout value in seconds. The general working of the TFRC congestion control mechanism as follows: As the first step the receiver calculate the loss event rate and gives this information back to the sender. Using this data the sender calculates round-trip time (RTT). Using this loss event rate and RTT, calculate acceptable transmit rate using the TFRC throughput equation. Finally the sender adjust the transmission rate to match the calculates rate. By using the receiver based mechanism TFRC is well suited for applications like the sender are a large server handling many concurrent connections and receiver is has more memory and CPU cycles available for computation. TFMC (TCP friendly Multicast Congestion Control) TFMC is the single rate congestion control scheme for multicast transmission. TFMC is single rated simply means that the receiver experiencing worst network condition will adapt to the sending rate. It has relatively low variation of throughput over time, which is suitable for applications that require a smooth sending rate like video streaming. The general working of TFMC congestion control as follows First step is the calculation of loss event rate and RTT by the receiver. By using this information with the help of TCP throughput equation the receiver derive a TCP friendly sending rate. In order to prevent feedback implosion at the sender the feedback is supplied only to a subset of the receivers using feedback suppression mechanism. In the receiver side the feedback is not suppressed and it calculates the transmission rate and gives it to the sender. This report has two main purposes, it helps to calculate the RTT for receiver and give the appropriate transmit rate for the sender. IV) TCP friendly congestion control for non-TCP applications. There are many studies conducted on TCP friendly congestion control for non TCP application. The congestion control mechanisms are used to achieve the following aims: Use of congestion control mechanisms help the applications to use the bandwidth more efficiently and thus increases the performance Those applications which adapt to the network can easily make use of the wider bandwidth and more useful of the Internet Congestion Control algorithms helps to reduce the Congestive Collapse ie the situation in which network performs a little work due to the over utilisation of network links. There are a number of TCP friendly congestion control mechanisms are introduced now a days which include end-to-end schemes and hop-by-hop mechanism. The end- to- end mechanism consist of AIMD window based and rate based protocols and hop-by-hop consist of rate based hop-by-hop mechanism. The end-to-end congestion control mechanisms are necessary for responsive as well as unresponsive flows which reduce the traffic load when packet loss occurs. In rate based hop-by-hop congestion control scheme it matches the sending rate of the connection to the service rate observed at the downstream node. In window based AIMD schemes which utilises the increased and decreased congestion window of the sender. This mechanism has some advantage as well as some disadvantages. The major advantage is that it is familiar, reasonable in the field of fairness, stability, oscillations and other properties. The disadvantage is that it has more abrupt changes and oscillation in sending rate which is not suitable for real time streaming application. In rate based AIMD schemes, the most common examples are RAP (Rate Adaptation Protocol) and LDA (Loss-Delay based Adjustment Algorithm). The LDA is mainly proposed for adapting the transmission rate of multimedia applications to the congestion level of the network. It mainly relies on end-to-end Real Time transport Protocol (RTP) and its control protocol (RTCP) for feedback information. The major difference between rate adaptation schemes and window based schemes is that the latter is not ack-clocked. The main advantage is that the adaption of the sending rate deduces the no of oscillations and also helps to reduce the heavy traffic in real-time applications.

Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Virginia Woolf Essay -- Biography Biogr

Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Virginia Woolf      Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose to compare and contrast two women authors from different literary time periods.   Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) as a representative of the Victorian age (1832-1901) and Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) as the spokeswoman for the Modernist (1914-1939) mindset.   Being women in historical time periods that did not embrace the talents and gifts of women; they share many of the same issues and themes throughout their works - however, it is the age in which they wrote that shaped their expressions of these themes.   Although they lived only decades apart their worlds were remarkably different - their voices were muted or amplified according to the beat of society's drum.   Passages from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh can be contrasted with Virginia Woolf's portrayal of Isabella in The Lady in the Looking Glass: A Reflection.    The Victorian Era is known as the Age of Inquiry when all the foundational truths of the past were open to examination and reconsideration.   Despite this new desire for certainty, Victorians were slow to release the safety of the past - trying rather to meld the old and the new together and struggling with the mismatched pieces.   Modernists, on the other hand, rebelled openly and loudly against their past which resulted in an extreme sense of loss and instability - reflected in the works of the time.   Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes as one who is looking through a rain drenched window at a scene that is vaguely familiar but quite unclear.   She is attempting to remove the distortion to see what the vista holds.   Rather than direct analysis, Victorian authors often tried to offer a form of practical advice f... ...ted forth..." but, "Isabella did not wish to be known".   Not because she knew herself to be a fraud but because she was inexplicably complicated and the embodiment of contradiction - a truly modern woman.    Both of these women were intuitive authors who had deep messages to convey through their works.   Elizabeth was able to probe the perimeter of difficult issues while maintaining one foot on the firm ground of her upbringing and faith.   Virginia abandoned all to forge into the complexities of Modern thought and despite her bravery she was herself a victim of the despair that comes with a loss of moorings.    Longman citations   refer to page numbers of Eng 103 course text, Spring 2001: Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.